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The slate and stylus are tools used by blind persons to write text that they can read without assistance.[1][2] Invented by Charles Barbier as the tool for writing letters that could be read by touch,[3] the slate and stylus allow for a quick, easy, convenient and constant method of making embossed printing for Braille character encoding. Prior methods of making raised printing for the blind required a movable type printing press.
The Tibetan script is a segmental writing system of Indic origin used to write certain Tibetic languages, including Tibetan, Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Ladakhi, Jirel and sometimes Balti. It has also been used for some non-Tibetic languages in close cultural contact with Tibet, such as Thakali. MyMyanmar Projects provide MyMyanmar Unicode System to input Myanmar(Burmese) text. Another alternative is User:Keymanweb/Keymanweb which provides a web-based keyboard that is integrated into Wikipedia with support for 300 languages, including most of the complex scripts listed on this page. Windows Vista and Windows 7. Download dzongkha unicode for windows 10 for free. Education software downloads - Dzongkha Keyboard by Dzongkha Development Commission and many more programs are available for instant and free download. How can I update the current Unicode in my Win 7 PC to new Unicode 6.3.0 to get new characters? This thread is locked. You can follow the question or vote as helpful, but you cannot reply to this thread.
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Design
The basic design of the slate consists of two pieces of metal, plastic or wood fastened together with a hinge at one side.[1][4]
The back part of the slate is solid with slight depressions spaced in braille cells of six dots each. The depressions are approximately 0.75 mm (0.030 in) deep and about 1.5 mm (0.059 in) in diameter. The horizontal and vertical spacing between dots within a cell is approximately 2.5 mm (0.098 in), while the distance between adjacent cells is about 4 mm (0.16 in).[4][5][6]
The front of the slate consists of rectangular windows that fit over the braille cells in the back. The inner rim of each window is provided with six indentations, which assist the user to position the stylus properly and press to form a dot.[4]
There are pins or posts in the back of the slate positioned in non-cell areas to hold the paper in place and keep the top properly positioned over the back. The pins align with matching depressions on the opposite side of the slate. A slate as designed for a normal 8.5 inch piece of paper has 28 cells in each row. The rows can be any number, usually at least four.[4]
The stylus is a short blunted awl with a handle to fit comfortably the hand of the user.
Writing
Writing is accomplished by placing a piece of heavy paper in the slate, aligning it correctly and closing the slate. The pins in the back of the slate puncture or pinch the paper securely between the two halves of the slate.[1][4]
The person writing begins in the upper right, each combination of dots in the cell has to be completed backward. The awl is positioned and pressed to form a depression in the paper. The writer moves to one of the other dots in the cell or to the next cell as appropriate.[7]
The slate is repositioned as needed to continue writing on the paper. When completed the writer removes the slate and turns the paper over to read the braille by feeling the dots that were pushed up from the back.[4]
History
In addition to the system devised by Louis Braille, a number of other methods for blind people to read and/or write on paper have been used. One of the most popular was the English system of Dr. William Moon invented in 1845.[4][8] The English/Moon system or Moon type is easy to learn for the newly blind as it has a strong resemblance to the familiar written alphabet, but Braille has such great advantages over the Moon system for regular usage that the Moon system never became as popular.[8][9] Braille with its slate and stylus was unique in that it was the first and, until computers with screen readers, the only method a blind person could write and read themselves what had been written.[10]
The earliest systematic attempt to provide a method to 'teach the blind to read and to write, and give them books printed by themselves' was by Valentin Haüy who used a system of embossedroman characters. In June 1784, Haüy sought his first pupil at the church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. On 5 December 1786, Haüy's pupils had embossed from movable letterpress type his 'Essai sur l'éducation des aveugles' (Essay on the Education of Blind Children), the first book ever published for the blind.[10][11] Prior to 1786, tools for the blind to read or write were the results of individuals' personal solutions. One notable approach was that of Nicholas Saunderson (Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge) blind nearly from birth, who devised an Arithmetical slate.[10]
Braille evolved from a method developed by Charles Barbier. It was successfully used at the Institution Royale des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris for several years, until Braille created his own system, which was more compact and flexible.
Gallery
Slate and stylus
Notes
- ^ abcAlpha Chi Omega (1908)
- ^Shrady, et al.(1902)
- ^Note: Different references assign invention of the slate and stylus to either Barbier or Braille. However, Braille (1829) credits Barbier with the invention. Barbier's slate consisted of six slots; Braille reduced it to three, as his cells were only half the size of Barbier's. When dashes were removed, the slots were no longer needed in full and were replaced with pairs of dots.
- ^ abcdefgHarry Houdini Collection (1888)
- ^ADA (1994)
- ^Note: The spacing for Braille dots and cells are not consistent throughout the world, See Braille Cell Size Dimensions, Retrieved 18 February, 2017 for a chart of different standards.
- ^Dodge (1920)
- ^ ab'ENGLISH/MOON'(web). Duxbury Systems, Inc. September 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
- ^Oregon Education Department (1897)
- ^ abcLowell, et al.(1893)
- ^Stadelman(1913)
References
- Alpha Chi Omega (1908). The Lyre of Alpha Chi Omega; Teaching the blind. Original from the New York Public Library: Alpha Chi Omega. p. 285.
- Dodge, Mary Mapes Dodge (1920). St. Nicholas; Chapter XI, the nine gifts. Original from the University of Michigan: Scribner & Co. p. 910.
- Perkins School for the Blind (1907). Report. Original from Harvard University: Perkins School for the Blind. p. 69.
- Shrady; George Frederick Shrady; Thomas Lathrop Stedman; Joseph Meredith Toner; et al. (1902). Medical Record. Original from Harvard University: W. Wood. p. 621.
- Harry Houdini Collection (1888). The Popular Science Monthly; Writing machines for the blind. Original from the New York Public Library: D. Appleton. p. 645.
- Oregon Education Department (1897). Biennial Report. Original from the New York Public Library: Oregon Education Department. p. 164.
- Mrs Frederick Rhinelander Jones (1893). 'The Education of the Blind'. In Goodale, Frances (ed.). The Literature of Philanthropy. Harper & Brothers. p. 187.
- Wisconsin State Board of Control (1904). Biennial Report. Original from the University of Wisconsin - Madison: Wisconsin State Board of Control. p. 222.
- Stadelman, Joseph M. (1913). 'Valentin Haüy' . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Sauvage, G.M. (1913). 'Louis Braille' . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ADA (1994). Americans with Disabilities Act: Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings. DIANE Publishing. p. 14. ISBN0-7881-1830-7.
External links
- How Tactile Writing Began at www.bpa.org Blind Persons' Association
THL Toolbox > Fonts & Related Issues > Tibetan Scripts, Fonts & Related Issues > Tibetan Input Tools for Windows
Tibetan Input Tools for Windows
Simply having a Tibetan font does not mean that you can now use Tibetan in a computer. You also need a keyboard or input mechanism to efficiently type in Tibetan, and you also need that input mechanism to work with the various types of software you typically use. One of the problems concerning the use of Tibetan fonts in digital contexts has been the limited and non-standard nature of Tibetan script input tools and software. Usually keyboards are also platform-specific, so that they only work for Windows, Mac, or Macintosh. This page is focused on the Windows operating system and on solutions that work with Unicode Tibetan fonts. To read about the general methods of Tibetan keyboards – such as Wylie, Sambhota, etc. – please see Tibetan Input System Principles. For input tools in other operating system environments, see Tibetan Input Tools for Linux, Tibetan Input Tools for Macintosh, and Tibetan Input Tools for Browsers or Cross-Platform. For a survey of pre-Unicode Windows input systems for Tibetan, see Legacy Tibetan Input Methods for Windows. To read about using Tibetan Unicode in Windows in general, see Using Tibetan in Windows.
Tise: Tibetan Wylie Input Utility
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Tise (pronounced 'tee-say') is an Unicode Tibetan input utility for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10 developed by Gregory Mokhin and based upon the EWTS Transliteration System. Tise intercepts user input and converts EWTS sequences into proper codes for Tibetan text to be displayed using a Unicode Opentype Tibetan font. Tise works in 32-bit and 64-bit Windows 7; it also works in Windows 8 and 10, though we have not tested these. There is also a 32-bit version that works in XP. Tise is available for free download (58 KB, v. 2.0, built 20 Nov 2012). Before using Tise you will need to unzip tise.zip archive into a directory of your choice and install a Tibetan Unicode OpenType font, for example, Tibetan Machine Uni, licensed under GPL. Make sure that Arial Unicode font is not installed, otherwise it will interfere with proper operation of Tibetan Machine Uni font. For detailed instructions refer to readme.txt, available online and also included in the zip archive.
For more information as well as downloads, see the Tise home page.
Wylie Word: A Word for Windows Accessory
Wylie Word is a Microsoft Word for Windows template containing macros that allow one to enter Tibetan script directly into a Word document, as well as convert transliteration to Tibetan script or Tibetan script to transliteration. The macro runs on Windows 95+ machines with Word 2000 or later. There is presently no Macintosh version available. The latest version, 2.1 beta, allows for the entry of Unicode Tibetan using EWTS Transliteration System. Tibetan transliteration is converted in block or as one types. The earlier versions produce Tibetan only in the legacy Tibetan Machine Web font.
Specific features of WylieWord (versions 2.0+) include:
- Works in Windows 7 64-bit and 32-bit operating systems.
- Easy-to-use installer
- Allows entry of Unicode Tibetan (only version 2.1 beta)
- Fully compatible with mouse (unlike version 1.0)
- Easily edit mixed Tibetan/English text
- Easily type Tibetan punctuation and Sanskrit stacks
- Convert Wylie transliterations to Tibetan script and vice versa
- Search for Tibetan text
- Produce pronunciations from Tibetan script or Wylie
- 'Interlineal mode' helps create aligned translation texts, with Tibetan, Wylie, and pronunciation produced automatically. This is useful for language learning and for preparing liturgy for use by non-Tibetan-speakers.
- Facility for easily entering Unicode Latin diacritics; this is useful in Sanskrit transliterations.
For further information as well as downloads, see the Wylie Word homepage.
This input systems works in Windows 7 64-bit as well as 32-bit. It works much the same way Tise does. Documentation and download from Denjong TibType
Jskad (pronounce 'jay-gay') is a java-based text editor for working with Tibetan text. It also contains a converter for switching between formats such as transliteration to Unicode or from earlier legacy fonts to Unicode and back. For further information as well as downloads, see the Jskad Editor homepage.
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Dzongkha Unicode Keyboard for Windows XP
A system keyboard designed for Windows XP that allows for the entry of Tibetan or Dzongkha text through using a standard Bhutanese layout. The keyboard was created by Chris Fynn, using Microsoft's Keyboard Layout Creator or MSKLC. It comes in a self-installing file. Once installed, the keyboard can be assigned to any language that is not used on one's machine, such as possibly 'Faroese' or 'Kokani'. The keyboard is then activated by switching to that language through the language-bar. The installer, keymap, and source files are available at Dzongkha Unicode Keyboard .
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For further information as well as downloads, see the Dzongkha Unicode Keyboard homepage. As the Dzongkha keyboard can be installed as a system keyboard, you can see detailed installation instructions at Installing a Tibetan system keyboard in Windows XP (Tibetan version of this document available at Installing a Tibetan system keyboard in Windows XP in Tibetan).
Keyman Keyboards (Unicode and Tibetan Machine)
Chris Walker has created a series of keyboards for entering Tibetan script in Windows applications. The keyboards use Tavultesoft Keyman and are available at Tavultesoft. Installation is simple, and the keyboards can be invoked either through a keyboard shortcut or an icon. These keyboards enable the user to enter Tibetan using either a Unicode Tibetan font or the Tibetan Machine font. The following two keyboard layouts are available for Unicode:
- Sambhota Keymap #1
- THL Extended Wylie
For further information on and downloads of Chris Walker’s keyboards, click Keyman.
Another set of Keyman Keyboards for entering Unicode Tibetan has been made available by Peter Hauer from Linguasoft. Go here for further information on and download of Peter Hauer’s keyboards.
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In order to use any of these keyboards, the proper Tibetan font needs to be installed. See our THL Toolbox Fonts Page. One can also view descriptions of: